Add Knative provider

pkg/provider/kubernetes/knative/client.go

@@ -0,0 +1,232 @@
+package knative
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"os"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/provider/kubernetes/k8s"
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	metav1 "k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/apis/meta/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
+	kinformers "k8s.io/client-go/informers"
+	kclientset "k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/rest"
+	"k8s.io/client-go/tools/clientcmd"
+	knativenetworkingv1alpha1 "knative.dev/networking/pkg/apis/networking/v1alpha1"
+	knativenetworkingclientset "knative.dev/networking/pkg/client/clientset/versioned"
+	knativenetworkinginformers "knative.dev/networking/pkg/client/informers/externalversions"
+)
+
+const resyncPeriod = 10 * time.Minute
+
+type clientWrapper struct {
+	csKnativeNetworking knativenetworkingclientset.Interface
+	csKube              kclientset.Interface
+
+	factoriesKnativeNetworking map[string]knativenetworkinginformers.SharedInformerFactory
+	factoriesKube              map[string]kinformers.SharedInformerFactory
+
+	labelSelector string
+
+	isNamespaceAll    bool
+	watchedNamespaces []string
+}
+
+func createClientFromConfig(c *rest.Config) (*clientWrapper, error) {
+	csKnativeNetworking, err := knativenetworkingclientset.NewForConfig(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	csKube, err := kclientset.NewForConfig(c)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	return newClientImpl(csKnativeNetworking, csKube), nil
+}
+
+func newClientImpl(csKnativeNetworking knativenetworkingclientset.Interface, csKube kclientset.Interface) *clientWrapper {
+	return &clientWrapper{
+		csKnativeNetworking:        csKnativeNetworking,
+		csKube:                     csKube,
+		factoriesKnativeNetworking: make(map[string]knativenetworkinginformers.SharedInformerFactory),
+		factoriesKube:              make(map[string]kinformers.SharedInformerFactory),
+	}
+}
+
+// newInClusterClient returns a new Provider client that is expected to run
+// inside the cluster.
+func newInClusterClient(endpoint string) (*clientWrapper, error) {
+	config, err := rest.InClusterConfig()
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("creating in-cluster configuration: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	if endpoint != "" {
+		config.Host = endpoint
+	}
+
+	return createClientFromConfig(config)
+}
+
+func newExternalClusterClientFromFile(file string) (*clientWrapper, error) {
+	configFromFlags, err := clientcmd.BuildConfigFromFlags("", file)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+	return createClientFromConfig(configFromFlags)
+}
+
+// newExternalClusterClient returns a new Provider client that may run outside
+// of the cluster.
+// The endpoint parameter must not be empty.
+func newExternalClusterClient(endpoint, token, caFilePath string) (*clientWrapper, error) {
+	if endpoint == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("endpoint missing for external cluster client")
+	}
+
+	config := &rest.Config{
+		Host:        endpoint,
+		BearerToken: token,
+	}
+
+	if caFilePath != "" {
+		caData, err := os.ReadFile(caFilePath)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, fmt.Errorf("reading CA file %s: %w", caFilePath, err)
+		}
+
+		config.TLSClientConfig = rest.TLSClientConfig{CAData: caData}
+	}
+
+	return createClientFromConfig(config)
+}
+
+// WatchAll starts namespace-specific controllers for all relevant kinds.
+func (c *clientWrapper) WatchAll(namespaces []string, stopCh <-chan struct{}) (<-chan interface{}, error) {
+	eventCh := make(chan interface{}, 1)
+	eventHandler := &k8s.ResourceEventHandler{Ev: eventCh}
+
+	if len(namespaces) == 0 {
+		namespaces = []string{metav1.NamespaceAll}
+		c.isNamespaceAll = true
+	}
+	c.watchedNamespaces = namespaces
+
+	for _, ns := range namespaces {
+		factory := knativenetworkinginformers.NewSharedInformerFactoryWithOptions(c.csKnativeNetworking, resyncPeriod, knativenetworkinginformers.WithNamespace(ns), knativenetworkinginformers.WithTweakListOptions(func(opts *metav1.ListOptions) {
+			opts.LabelSelector = c.labelSelector
+		}))
+		_, err := factory.Networking().V1alpha1().Ingresses().Informer().AddEventHandler(eventHandler)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		factoryKube := kinformers.NewSharedInformerFactoryWithOptions(c.csKube, resyncPeriod, kinformers.WithNamespace(ns))
+		_, err = factoryKube.Core().V1().Services().Informer().AddEventHandler(eventHandler)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+		_, err = factoryKube.Core().V1().Secrets().Informer().AddEventHandler(eventHandler)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, err
+		}
+
+		c.factoriesKube[ns] = factoryKube
+		c.factoriesKnativeNetworking[ns] = factory
+	}
+
+	for _, ns := range namespaces {
+		c.factoriesKnativeNetworking[ns].Start(stopCh)
+		c.factoriesKube[ns].Start(stopCh)
+	}
+
+	for _, ns := range namespaces {
+		for t, ok := range c.factoriesKnativeNetworking[ns].WaitForCacheSync(stopCh) {
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("timed out waiting for controller caches to sync %s in namespace %q", t.String(), ns)
+			}
+		}
+		for t, ok := range c.factoriesKube[ns].WaitForCacheSync(stopCh) {
+			if !ok {
+				return nil, fmt.Errorf("timed out waiting for controller caches to sync %s in namespace %q", t.String(), ns)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return eventCh, nil
+}
+
+func (c *clientWrapper) ListIngresses() []*knativenetworkingv1alpha1.Ingress {
+	var result []*knativenetworkingv1alpha1.Ingress
+
+	for ns, factory := range c.factoriesKnativeNetworking {
+		ings, err := factory.Networking().V1alpha1().Ingresses().Lister().List(labels.Everything()) // todo: label selector
+		if err != nil {
+			log.Error().Msgf("Failed to list ingresses in namespace %s: %s", ns, err)
+		}
+		result = append(result, ings...)
+	}
+
+	return result
+}
+
+func (c *clientWrapper) UpdateIngressStatus(ingress *knativenetworkingv1alpha1.Ingress) error {
+	_, err := c.csKnativeNetworking.NetworkingV1alpha1().Ingresses(ingress.Namespace).UpdateStatus(context.TODO(), ingress, metav1.UpdateOptions{})
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("updating knative ingress status %s/%s: %w", ingress.Namespace, ingress.Name, err)
+	}
+
+	log.Info().Msgf("Updated status on knative ingress %s/%s", ingress.Namespace, ingress.Name)
+	return nil
+}
+
+// GetService returns the named service from the given namespace.
+func (c *clientWrapper) GetService(namespace, name string) (*corev1.Service, error) {
+	if !c.isWatchedNamespace(namespace) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting service %s/%s: namespace is not within watched namespaces", namespace, name)
+	}
+
+	return c.factoriesKube[c.lookupNamespace(namespace)].Core().V1().Services().Lister().Services(namespace).Get(name)
+}
+
+// GetSecret returns the named secret from the given namespace.
+func (c *clientWrapper) GetSecret(namespace, name string) (*corev1.Secret, error) {
+	if !c.isWatchedNamespace(namespace) {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting secret %s/%s: namespace is not within watched namespaces", namespace, name)
+	}
+
+	return c.factoriesKube[c.lookupNamespace(namespace)].Core().V1().Secrets().Lister().Secrets(namespace).Get(name)
+}
+
+// isWatchedNamespace checks to ensure that the namespace is being watched before we request
+// it to ensure we don't panic by requesting an out-of-watch object.
+func (c *clientWrapper) isWatchedNamespace(ns string) bool {
+	if c.isNamespaceAll {
+		return true
+	}
+	for _, watchedNamespace := range c.watchedNamespaces {
+		if watchedNamespace == ns {
+			return true
+		}
+	}
+	return false
+}
+
+// lookupNamespace returns the lookup namespace key for the given namespace.
+// When listening on all namespaces, it returns the client-go identifier ("")
+// for all-namespaces. Otherwise, it returns the given namespace.
+// The distinction is necessary because we index all informers on the special
+// identifier iff all-namespaces are requested but receive specific namespace
+// identifiers from the Kubernetes API, so we have to bridge this gap.
+func (c *clientWrapper) lookupNamespace(ns string) string {
+	if c.isNamespaceAll {
+		return metav1.NamespaceAll
+	}
+	return ns
+}

pkg/provider/kubernetes/knative/fixtures/cluster_local.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+apiVersion: networking.internal.knative.dev/v1alpha1
+kind: Ingress
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    networking.knative.dev/ingress.class: traefik.ingress.networking.knative.dev
+  name: helloworld-go
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  httpOption: Enabled
+  rules:
+    - hosts:
+        - helloworld-go.default
+        - helloworld-go.default.svc
+        - helloworld-go.default.svc.cluster.local
+      http:
+        paths:
+          - splits:
+              - appendHeaders:
+                  Knative-Serving-Namespace: default
+                  Knative-Serving-Revision: helloworld-go-00001
+                percent: 50
+                serviceName: helloworld-go-00001
+                serviceNamespace: default
+                servicePort: 80
+              - appendHeaders:
+                  Knative-Serving-Namespace: default
+                  Knative-Serving-Revision: helloworld-go-00002
+                percent: 50
+                serviceName: helloworld-go-00002
+                serviceNamespace: default
+                servicePort: 80
+      visibility: ClusterLocal

pkg/provider/kubernetes/knative/fixtures/external_ip.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,33 @@
+---
+apiVersion: networking.internal.knative.dev/v1alpha1
+kind: Ingress
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    networking.knative.dev/ingress.class: traefik.ingress.networking.knative.dev
+  name: helloworld-go
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  httpOption: Enabled
+  rules:
+    - hosts:
+        - helloworld-go.default
+        - helloworld-go.default.svc
+        - helloworld-go.default.svc.cluster.local
+      http:
+        paths:
+          - splits:
+              - appendHeaders:
+                  Knative-Serving-Namespace: default
+                  Knative-Serving-Revision: helloworld-go-00001
+                percent: 50
+                serviceName: helloworld-go-00001
+                serviceNamespace: default
+                servicePort: 80
+              - appendHeaders:
+                  Knative-Serving-Namespace: default
+                  Knative-Serving-Revision: helloworld-go-00002
+                percent: 50
+                serviceName: helloworld-go-00002
+                serviceNamespace: default
+                servicePort: 80
+      visibility: ExternalIP

pkg/provider/kubernetes/knative/fixtures/services.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,39 @@
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-go-00001
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  clusterIP: 10.43.38.208
+  clusterIPs:
+    - 10.43.38.208
+  ports:
+    - name: http
+      port: 80
+      protocol: TCP
+      targetPort: 8012
+    - name: https
+      port: 443
+      protocol: TCP
+      targetPort: 8112
+
+---
+apiVersion: v1
+kind: Service
+metadata:
+  name: helloworld-go-00002
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  clusterIP: 10.43.44.18
+  clusterIPs:
+    - 10.43.44.18
+  ports:
+    - name: http
+      port: 80
+      protocol: TCP
+      targetPort: 8012
+    - name: https
+      port: 443
+      protocol: TCP
+      targetPort: 8112

pkg/provider/kubernetes/knative/fixtures/tls.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,38 @@
+---
+apiVersion: networking.internal.knative.dev/v1alpha1
+kind: Ingress
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    networking.knative.dev/ingress.class: traefik.ingress.networking.knative.dev
+  name: helloworld-go
+  namespace: default
+spec:
+  httpOption: Enabled
+  tls:
+    - hosts:
+        - helloworld-go.default.svc.cluster.local
+      secretName: secretName
+      secretNamespace: secretNamespace
+  rules:
+    - hosts:
+        - helloworld-go.default
+        - helloworld-go.default.svc
+        - helloworld-go.default.svc.cluster.local
+      http:
+        paths:
+          - splits:
+              - appendHeaders:
+                  Knative-Serving-Namespace: default
+                  Knative-Serving-Revision: helloworld-go-00001
+                percent: 50
+                serviceName: helloworld-go-00001
+                serviceNamespace: default
+                servicePort: 80
+              - appendHeaders:
+                  Knative-Serving-Namespace: default
+                  Knative-Serving-Revision: helloworld-go-00002
+                percent: 50
+                serviceName: helloworld-go-00002
+                serviceNamespace: default
+                servicePort: 80
+      visibility: ExternalIP

pkg/provider/kubernetes/knative/fixtures/wrong_ingress_class.yaml

@@ -0,0 +1,8 @@
+---
+apiVersion: networking.internal.knative.dev/v1alpha1
+kind: Ingress
+metadata:
+  annotations:
+    networking.knative.dev/ingress.class: foo.ingress.networking.knative.dev
+  name: helloworld-go
+  namespace: default

pkg/provider/kubernetes/knative/kubernetes.go

@@ -0,0 +1,531 @@
+package knative
+
+import (
+	"context"
+	"errors"
+	"fmt"
+	"maps"
+	"net"
+	"os"
+	"slices"
+	"strconv"
+	"strings"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/cenkalti/backoff/v4"
+	"github.com/mitchellh/hashstructure"
+	"github.com/rs/zerolog/log"
+	ptypes "github.com/traefik/paerser/types"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/config/dynamic"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/job"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/observability/logs"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/safe"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/tls"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/types"
+	corev1 "k8s.io/api/core/v1"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/labels"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/util/intstr"
+	"k8s.io/utils/ptr"
+	knativenetworking "knative.dev/networking/pkg/apis/networking"
+	knativenetworkingv1alpha1 "knative.dev/networking/pkg/apis/networking/v1alpha1"
+	"knative.dev/pkg/network"
+)
+
+const (
+	providerName            = "knative"
+	traefikIngressClassName = "traefik.ingress.networking.knative.dev"
+)
+
+// ServiceRef holds a Kubernetes service reference.
+type ServiceRef struct {
+	Name      string `description:"Name of the Kubernetes service." json:"desc,omitempty" toml:"desc,omitempty" yaml:"desc,omitempty"`
+	Namespace string `description:"Namespace of the Kubernetes service." json:"namespace,omitempty" toml:"namespace,omitempty" yaml:"namespace,omitempty"`
+}
+
+// Provider holds configurations of the provider.
+type Provider struct {
+	Endpoint           string          `description:"Kubernetes server endpoint (required for external cluster client)." json:"endpoint,omitempty" toml:"endpoint,omitempty" yaml:"endpoint,omitempty"`
+	Token              string          `description:"Kubernetes bearer token (not needed for in-cluster client)." json:"token,omitempty" toml:"token,omitempty" yaml:"token,omitempty"`
+	CertAuthFilePath   string          `description:"Kubernetes certificate authority file path (not needed for in-cluster client)." json:"certAuthFilePath,omitempty" toml:"certAuthFilePath,omitempty" yaml:"certAuthFilePath,omitempty"`
+	Namespaces         []string        `description:"Kubernetes namespaces." json:"namespaces,omitempty" toml:"namespaces,omitempty" yaml:"namespaces,omitempty" export:"true"`
+	LabelSelector      string          `description:"Kubernetes label selector to use." json:"labelSelector,omitempty" toml:"labelSelector,omitempty" yaml:"labelSelector,omitempty" export:"true"`
+	PublicEntrypoints  []string        `description:"Entrypoint names used to expose the Ingress publicly. If empty an Ingress is exposed on all entrypoints." json:"publicEntrypoints,omitempty" toml:"publicEntrypoints,omitempty" yaml:"publicEntrypoints,omitempty" export:"true"`
+	PublicService      ServiceRef      `description:"Kubernetes service used to expose the networking controller publicly." json:"publicService,omitempty" toml:"publicService,omitempty" yaml:"publicService,omitempty" export:"true"`
+	PrivateEntrypoints []string        `description:"Entrypoint names used to expose the Ingress privately. If empty local Ingresses are skipped." json:"privateEntrypoints,omitempty" toml:"privateEntrypoints,omitempty" yaml:"privateEntrypoints,omitempty" export:"true"`
+	PrivateService     ServiceRef      `description:"Kubernetes service used to expose the networking controller privately." json:"privateService,omitempty" toml:"privateService,omitempty" yaml:"privateService,omitempty" export:"true"`
+	ThrottleDuration   ptypes.Duration `description:"Ingress refresh throttle duration" json:"throttleDuration,omitempty" toml:"throttleDuration,omitempty" yaml:"throttleDuration,omitempty"`
+
+	client            *clientWrapper
+	lastConfiguration safe.Safe
+}
+
+// Init the provider.
+func (p *Provider) Init() error {
+	logger := log.With().Str(logs.ProviderName, providerName).Logger()
+
+	// Initializes Kubernetes client.
+	var err error
+	p.client, err = p.newK8sClient(logger.WithContext(context.Background()))
+	if err != nil {
+		return fmt.Errorf("creating kubernetes client: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+// Provide allows the knative provider to provide configurations to traefik using the given configuration channel.
+func (p *Provider) Provide(configurationChan chan<- dynamic.Message, pool *safe.Pool) error {
+	logger := log.With().Str(logs.ProviderName, providerName).Logger()
+	ctxLog := logger.WithContext(context.Background())
+
+	pool.GoCtx(func(ctxPool context.Context) {
+		operation := func() error {
+			eventsChan, err := p.client.WatchAll(p.Namespaces, ctxPool.Done())
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error().Msgf("Error watching kubernetes events: %v", err)
+				timer := time.NewTimer(1 * time.Second)
+				select {
+				case <-timer.C:
+					return err
+				case <-ctxPool.Done():
+					return nil
+				}
+			}
+
+			throttleDuration := time.Duration(p.ThrottleDuration)
+			throttledChan := throttleEvents(ctxLog, throttleDuration, pool, eventsChan)
+			if throttledChan != nil {
+				eventsChan = throttledChan
+			}
+
+			for {
+				select {
+				case <-ctxPool.Done():
+					return nil
+				case event := <-eventsChan:
+					// Note that event is the *first* event that came in during this throttling interval -- if we're hitting our throttle, we may have dropped events.
+					// This is fine, because we don't treat different event types differently.
+					// But if we do in the future, we'll need to track more information about the dropped events.
+					conf, ingressStatuses := p.loadConfiguration(ctxLog)
+
+					confHash, err := hashstructure.Hash(conf, nil)
+					switch {
+					case err != nil:
+						logger.Error().Msg("Unable to hash the configuration")
+					case p.lastConfiguration.Get() == confHash:
+						logger.Debug().Msgf("Skipping Kubernetes event kind %T", event)
+					default:
+						p.lastConfiguration.Set(confHash)
+						configurationChan <- dynamic.Message{
+							ProviderName:  providerName,
+							Configuration: conf,
+						}
+					}
+
+					// If we're throttling,
+					// we sleep here for the throttle duration to enforce that we don't refresh faster than our throttle.
+					// time.Sleep returns immediately if p.ThrottleDuration is 0 (no throttle).
+					time.Sleep(throttleDuration)
+
+					// Updating the ingress status after the throttleDuration allows to wait to make sure that the dynamic conf is updated before updating the status.
+					// This is needed for the conformance tests to pass, for example.
+					for _, ingress := range ingressStatuses {
+						if err := p.updateKnativeIngressStatus(ctxLog, ingress); err != nil {
+							logger.Error().Err(err).Msgf("Error updating status for Ingress %s/%s", ingress.Namespace, ingress.Name)
+						}
+					}
+				}
+			}
+		}
+
+		notify := func(err error, time time.Duration) {
+			logger.Error().Msgf("Provider connection error: %v; retrying in %s", err, time)
+		}
+		err := backoff.RetryNotify(safe.OperationWithRecover(operation), backoff.WithContext(job.NewBackOff(backoff.NewExponentialBackOff()), ctxPool), notify)
+		if err != nil {
+			logger.Error().Msgf("Cannot connect to Provider: %v", err)
+		}
+	})
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) newK8sClient(ctx context.Context) (*clientWrapper, error) {
+	logger := log.Ctx(ctx).With().Logger()
+
+	_, err := labels.Parse(p.LabelSelector)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("parsing label selector: %q", p.LabelSelector)
+	}
+	logger.Info().Msgf("Label selector is: %q", p.LabelSelector)
+
+	withEndpoint := ""
+	if p.Endpoint != "" {
+		withEndpoint = fmt.Sprintf(" with endpoint %s", p.Endpoint)
+	}
+
+	var client *clientWrapper
+	switch {
+	case os.Getenv("KUBERNETES_SERVICE_HOST") != "" && os.Getenv("KUBERNETES_SERVICE_PORT") != "":
+		logger.Info().Msgf("Creating in-cluster Provider client%s", withEndpoint)
+		client, err = newInClusterClient(p.Endpoint)
+	case os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG") != "":
+		logger.Info().Msgf("Creating cluster-external Provider client from KUBECONFIG %s", os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG"))
+		client, err = newExternalClusterClientFromFile(os.Getenv("KUBECONFIG"))
+	default:
+		logger.Info().Msgf("Creating cluster-external Provider client%s", withEndpoint)
+		client, err = newExternalClusterClient(p.Endpoint, p.Token, p.CertAuthFilePath)
+	}
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, err
+	}
+
+	client.labelSelector = p.LabelSelector
+	return client, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) loadConfiguration(ctx context.Context) (*dynamic.Configuration, []*knativenetworkingv1alpha1.Ingress) {
+	conf := &dynamic.Configuration{
+		HTTP: &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+			Routers:     make(map[string]*dynamic.Router),
+			Middlewares: make(map[string]*dynamic.Middleware),
+			Services:    make(map[string]*dynamic.Service),
+		},
+	}
+
+	var ingressStatuses []*knativenetworkingv1alpha1.Ingress
+
+	uniqCerts := make(map[string]*tls.CertAndStores)
+	for _, ingress := range p.client.ListIngresses() {
+		logger := log.Ctx(ctx).With().
+			Str("ingress", ingress.Name).
+			Str("namespace", ingress.Namespace).
+			Logger()
+
+		if ingress.Annotations[knativenetworking.IngressClassAnnotationKey] != traefikIngressClassName {
+			logger.Debug().Msgf("Skipping Ingress %s/%s", ingress.Namespace, ingress.Name)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		if err := p.loadCertificates(ctx, ingress, uniqCerts); err != nil {
+			logger.Error().Err(err).Msg("Error loading TLS certificates")
+			continue
+		}
+
+		conf.HTTP = mergeHTTPConfigs(conf.HTTP, p.buildRouters(ctx, ingress))
+
+		// TODO: should we handle configuration errors?
+		ingressStatuses = append(ingressStatuses, ingress)
+	}
+
+	if len(uniqCerts) > 0 {
+		conf.TLS = &dynamic.TLSConfiguration{
+			Certificates: slices.Collect(maps.Values(uniqCerts)),
+		}
+	}
+
+	return conf, ingressStatuses
+}
+
+// loadCertificates loads the TLS certificates for the given Knative Ingress.
+// This method mutates the uniqCerts map to add the loaded certificates.
+func (p *Provider) loadCertificates(ctx context.Context, ingress *knativenetworkingv1alpha1.Ingress, uniqCerts map[string]*tls.CertAndStores) error {
+	for _, t := range ingress.Spec.TLS {
+		// TODO: maybe this could be allowed with an allowCrossNamespace option in the future.
+		if t.SecretNamespace != ingress.Namespace {
+			log.Ctx(ctx).Debug().Msg("TLS secret namespace has to be the same as the Ingress one")
+			continue
+		}
+
+		key := ingress.Namespace + "-" + t.SecretName
+
+		// TODO: as specified in the GoDoc we should validate that the certificates contain the configured Hosts.
+		if _, exists := uniqCerts[key]; !exists {
+			cert, err := p.loadCertificate(ingress.Namespace, t.SecretName)
+			if err != nil {
+				return fmt.Errorf("getting certificate: %w", err)
+			}
+			uniqCerts[key] = &tls.CertAndStores{Certificate: cert}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) loadCertificate(namespace, secretName string) (tls.Certificate, error) {
+	secret, err := p.client.GetSecret(namespace, secretName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, fmt.Errorf("getting secret %s/%s: %w", namespace, secretName, err)
+	}
+
+	certBytes, hasCert := secret.Data[corev1.TLSCertKey]
+	keyBytes, hasKey := secret.Data[corev1.TLSPrivateKeyKey]
+
+	if (!hasCert || len(certBytes) == 0) || (!hasKey || len(keyBytes) == 0) {
+		return tls.Certificate{}, errors.New("secret does not contain a keypair")
+	}
+
+	return tls.Certificate{
+		CertFile: types.FileOrContent(certBytes),
+		KeyFile:  types.FileOrContent(keyBytes),
+	}, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) buildRouters(ctx context.Context, ingress *knativenetworkingv1alpha1.Ingress) *dynamic.HTTPConfiguration {
+	logger := log.Ctx(ctx).With().Logger()
+
+	conf := &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+		Routers:     make(map[string]*dynamic.Router),
+		Middlewares: make(map[string]*dynamic.Middleware),
+		Services:    make(map[string]*dynamic.Service),
+	}
+
+	for ri, rule := range ingress.Spec.Rules {
+		if rule.HTTP == nil {
+			logger.Debug().Msgf("No HTTP rule defined for rule %d in Ingress %s", ri, ingress.Name)
+			continue
+		}
+
+		entrypoints := p.PublicEntrypoints
+		if rule.Visibility == knativenetworkingv1alpha1.IngressVisibilityClusterLocal {
+			if p.PrivateEntrypoints == nil {
+				// Skip route creation as no internal entrypoints are defined for cluster local visibility.
+				continue
+			}
+			entrypoints = p.PrivateEntrypoints
+		}
+
+		// TODO: support rewrite host
+		for pi, path := range rule.HTTP.Paths {
+			routerKey := fmt.Sprintf("%s-%s-rule-%d-path-%d", ingress.Namespace, ingress.Name, ri, pi)
+			router := &dynamic.Router{
+				EntryPoints: entrypoints,
+				Rule:        buildRule(rule.Hosts, path.Headers, path.Path),
+				Middlewares: make([]string, 0),
+				Service:     routerKey + "-wrr",
+			}
+
+			if len(path.AppendHeaders) > 0 {
+				midKey := fmt.Sprintf("%s-append-headers", routerKey)
+
+				router.Middlewares = append(router.Middlewares, midKey)
+				conf.Middlewares[midKey] = &dynamic.Middleware{
+					Headers: &dynamic.Headers{
+						CustomRequestHeaders: path.AppendHeaders,
+					},
+				}
+			}
+
+			wrr, services, err := p.buildWeightedRoundRobin(routerKey, path.Splits)
+			if err != nil {
+				logger.Error().Err(err).Msg("Error building weighted round robin")
+				continue
+			}
+
+			// TODO: support Ingress#HTTPOption to check if HTTP router should redirect to the HTTPS one.
+			conf.Routers[routerKey] = router
+
+			// TODO: at some point we should allow to define a default TLS secret at the provider level to enable TLS with a custom cert when external-domain-tls is disabled.
+			//       see https://knative.dev/docs/serving/encryption/external-domain-tls/#manually-obtain-and-renew-certificates
+			if len(ingress.Spec.TLS) > 0 {
+				conf.Routers[routerKey+"-tls"] = &dynamic.Router{
+					EntryPoints: router.EntryPoints,
+					Rule:        router.Rule, // TODO: maybe the rule should be a new one containing the TLS hosts injected by Knative.
+					Middlewares: router.Middlewares,
+					Service:     router.Service,
+					TLS:         &dynamic.RouterTLSConfig{},
+				}
+			}
+
+			conf.Services[routerKey+"-wrr"] = &dynamic.Service{Weighted: wrr}
+			for k, v := range services {
+				conf.Services[k] = v
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return conf
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) buildWeightedRoundRobin(routerKey string, splits []knativenetworkingv1alpha1.IngressBackendSplit) (*dynamic.WeightedRoundRobin, map[string]*dynamic.Service, error) {
+	wrr := &dynamic.WeightedRoundRobin{
+		Services: make([]dynamic.WRRService, 0),
+	}
+
+	services := make(map[string]*dynamic.Service)
+	for si, split := range splits {
+		serviceKey := fmt.Sprintf("%s-split-%d", routerKey, si)
+
+		var err error
+		services[serviceKey], err = p.buildService(split.ServiceNamespace, split.ServiceName, split.ServicePort)
+		if err != nil {
+			return nil, nil, fmt.Errorf("building service: %w", err)
+		}
+
+		// As described in the spec if there is only one split it defaults to 100.
+		percent := split.Percent
+		if len(splits) == 1 {
+			percent = 100
+		}
+
+		wrr.Services = append(wrr.Services, dynamic.WRRService{
+			Name:    serviceKey,
+			Weight:  ptr.To(percent),
+			Headers: split.AppendHeaders,
+		})
+	}
+
+	return wrr, services, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) buildService(namespace, serviceName string, port intstr.IntOrString) (*dynamic.Service, error) {
+	servers, err := p.buildServers(namespace, serviceName, port)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("building servers: %w", err)
+	}
+
+	var lb dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer
+	lb.SetDefaults()
+	lb.Servers = servers
+
+	return &dynamic.Service{LoadBalancer: &lb}, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) buildServers(namespace, serviceName string, port intstr.IntOrString) ([]dynamic.Server, error) {
+	service, err := p.client.GetService(namespace, serviceName)
+	if err != nil {
+		return nil, fmt.Errorf("getting service %s/%s: %w", namespace, serviceName, err)
+	}
+
+	var svcPort *corev1.ServicePort
+	for _, p := range service.Spec.Ports {
+		if p.Name == port.String() || strconv.Itoa(int(p.Port)) == port.String() {
+			svcPort = &p
+			break
+		}
+	}
+	if svcPort == nil {
+		return nil, errors.New("service port not found")
+	}
+
+	if service.Spec.ClusterIP == "" {
+		return nil, errors.New("service does not have a ClusterIP")
+	}
+
+	scheme := "http"
+	if svcPort.AppProtocol != nil && *svcPort.AppProtocol == knativenetworking.AppProtocolH2C {
+		scheme = "h2c"
+	}
+
+	hostPort := net.JoinHostPort(service.Spec.ClusterIP, strconv.Itoa(int(svcPort.Port)))
+	return []dynamic.Server{{URL: fmt.Sprintf("%s://%s", scheme, hostPort)}}, nil
+}
+
+func (p *Provider) updateKnativeIngressStatus(ctx context.Context, ingress *knativenetworkingv1alpha1.Ingress) error {
+	log.Ctx(ctx).Debug().Msgf("Updating status for Ingress %s/%s", ingress.Namespace, ingress.Name)
+
+	var publicLbs []knativenetworkingv1alpha1.LoadBalancerIngressStatus
+	if p.PublicService.Name != "" && p.PublicService.Namespace != "" {
+		publicLbs = append(publicLbs, knativenetworkingv1alpha1.LoadBalancerIngressStatus{
+			DomainInternal: network.GetServiceHostname(p.PublicService.Name, p.PublicService.Namespace),
+		})
+	}
+
+	var privateLbs []knativenetworkingv1alpha1.LoadBalancerIngressStatus
+	if p.PrivateService.Name != "" && p.PrivateService.Namespace != "" {
+		privateLbs = append(privateLbs, knativenetworkingv1alpha1.LoadBalancerIngressStatus{
+			DomainInternal: network.GetServiceHostname(p.PrivateService.Name, p.PrivateService.Namespace),
+		})
+	}
+
+	if ingress.GetStatus() == nil || !ingress.GetStatus().GetCondition(knativenetworkingv1alpha1.IngressConditionNetworkConfigured).IsTrue() || ingress.GetGeneration() != ingress.GetStatus().ObservedGeneration {
+		ingress.Status.MarkNetworkConfigured()
+		ingress.Status.MarkLoadBalancerReady(publicLbs, privateLbs)
+		ingress.Status.ObservedGeneration = ingress.GetGeneration()
+
+		return p.client.UpdateIngressStatus(ingress)
+	}
+	return nil
+}
+
+func buildRule(hosts []string, headers map[string]knativenetworkingv1alpha1.HeaderMatch, path string) string {
+	var operands []string
+
+	if len(hosts) > 0 {
+		var hostRules []string
+		for _, host := range hosts {
+			hostRules = append(hostRules, fmt.Sprintf("Host(`%v`)", host))
+		}
+		operands = append(operands, fmt.Sprintf("(%s)", strings.Join(hostRules, " || ")))
+	}
+
+	if len(headers) > 0 {
+		headerKeys := slices.Collect(maps.Keys(headers))
+		slices.Sort(headerKeys)
+
+		var headerRules []string
+		for _, key := range headerKeys {
+			headerRules = append(headerRules, fmt.Sprintf("Header(`%s`,`%s`)", key, headers[key].Exact))
+		}
+		operands = append(operands, fmt.Sprintf("(%s)", strings.Join(headerRules, " && ")))
+	}
+
+	if len(path) > 0 {
+		operands = append(operands, fmt.Sprintf("PathPrefix(`%s`)", path))
+	}
+
+	return strings.Join(operands, " && ")
+}
+
+func mergeHTTPConfigs(confs ...*dynamic.HTTPConfiguration) *dynamic.HTTPConfiguration {
+	conf := &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+		Routers:     map[string]*dynamic.Router{},
+		Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{},
+		Services:    map[string]*dynamic.Service{},
+	}
+
+	for _, c := range confs {
+		for k, v := range c.Routers {
+			conf.Routers[k] = v
+		}
+		for k, v := range c.Middlewares {
+			conf.Middlewares[k] = v
+		}
+		for k, v := range c.Services {
+			conf.Services[k] = v
+		}
+	}
+
+	return conf
+}
+
+func throttleEvents(ctx context.Context, throttleDuration time.Duration, pool *safe.Pool, eventsChan <-chan interface{}) chan interface{} {
+	logger := log.Ctx(ctx).With().Logger()
+	if throttleDuration == 0 {
+		return nil
+	}
+	// Create a buffered channel to hold the pending event (if we're delaying processing the event due to throttling)
+	eventsChanBuffered := make(chan interface{}, 1)
+
+	// Run a goroutine that reads events from eventChan and does a non-blocking write to pendingEvent.
+	// This guarantees that writing to eventChan will never block,
+	// and that pendingEvent will have something in it if there's been an event since we read from that channel.
+	pool.GoCtx(func(ctxPool context.Context) {
+		for {
+			select {
+			case <-ctxPool.Done():
+				return
+			case nextEvent := <-eventsChan:
+				select {
+				case eventsChanBuffered <- nextEvent:
+				default:
+					// We already have an event in eventsChanBuffered, so we'll do a refresh as soon as our throttle allows us to.
+					// It's fine to drop the event and keep whatever's in the buffer -- we don't do different things for different events
+					logger.Debug().Msgf("Dropping event kind %T due to throttling", nextEvent)
+				}
+			}
+		}
+	})
+
+	return eventsChanBuffered
+}

pkg/provider/kubernetes/knative/kubernetes_test.go

@@ -0,0 +1,478 @@
+package knative
+
+import (
+	"os"
+	"path/filepath"
+	"testing"
+	"time"
+
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/assert"
+	"github.com/stretchr/testify/require"
+	"github.com/traefik/paerser/types"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/config/dynamic"
+	"github.com/traefik/traefik/v3/pkg/provider/kubernetes/k8s"
+	"k8s.io/apimachinery/pkg/runtime"
+	kubefake "k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes/fake"
+	kscheme "k8s.io/client-go/kubernetes/scheme"
+	"k8s.io/utils/ptr"
+	knativenetworkingv1alpha1 "knative.dev/networking/pkg/apis/networking/v1alpha1"
+	knfake "knative.dev/networking/pkg/client/clientset/versioned/fake"
+)
+
+func init() {
+	// required by k8s.MustParseYaml
+	if err := knativenetworkingv1alpha1.AddToScheme(kscheme.Scheme); err != nil {
+		panic(err)
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_loadConfiguration(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		desc    string
+		paths   []string
+		want    *dynamic.Configuration
+		wantLen int
+	}{
+		{
+			desc:    "Wrong ingress class",
+			paths:   []string{"wrong_ingress_class.yaml"},
+			wantLen: 0,
+			want: &dynamic.Configuration{
+				HTTP: &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+					Routers:     map[string]*dynamic.Router{},
+					Services:    map[string]*dynamic.Service{},
+					Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:    "Cluster Local",
+			paths:   []string{"cluster_local.yaml", "services.yaml"},
+			wantLen: 1,
+			want: &dynamic.Configuration{
+				HTTP: &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+					Routers: map[string]*dynamic.Router{
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0": {
+							EntryPoints: []string{"priv-http", "priv-https"},
+							Service:     "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-wrr",
+							Rule:        "(Host(`helloworld-go.default`) || Host(`helloworld-go.default.svc`) || Host(`helloworld-go.default.svc.cluster.local`))",
+							Middlewares: []string{},
+						},
+					},
+					Services: map[string]*dynamic.Service{
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-0": {
+							LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{
+								Strategy:       "wrr",
+								PassHostHeader: ptr.To(true),
+								ResponseForwarding: &dynamic.ResponseForwarding{
+									FlushInterval: types.Duration(100 * time.Millisecond),
+								},
+								Servers: []dynamic.Server{
+									{
+										URL: "http://10.43.38.208:80",
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-1": {
+							LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{
+								Strategy:       "wrr",
+								PassHostHeader: ptr.To(true),
+								ResponseForwarding: &dynamic.ResponseForwarding{
+									FlushInterval: types.Duration(100 * time.Millisecond),
+								},
+								Servers: []dynamic.Server{
+									{
+										URL: "http://10.43.44.18:80",
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-wrr": {
+							Weighted: &dynamic.WeightedRoundRobin{
+								Services: []dynamic.WRRService{
+									{
+										Name:   "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-0",
+										Weight: ptr.To(50),
+										Headers: map[string]string{
+											"Knative-Serving-Namespace": "default",
+											"Knative-Serving-Revision":  "helloworld-go-00001",
+										},
+									},
+									{
+										Name:   "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-1",
+										Weight: ptr.To(50),
+										Headers: map[string]string{
+											"Knative-Serving-Namespace": "default",
+											"Knative-Serving-Revision":  "helloworld-go-00002",
+										},
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:    "External IP",
+			paths:   []string{"external_ip.yaml", "services.yaml"},
+			wantLen: 1,
+			want: &dynamic.Configuration{
+				HTTP: &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+					Routers: map[string]*dynamic.Router{
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0": {
+							EntryPoints: []string{"http", "https"},
+							Service:     "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-wrr",
+							Rule:        "(Host(`helloworld-go.default`) || Host(`helloworld-go.default.svc`) || Host(`helloworld-go.default.svc.cluster.local`))",
+							Middlewares: []string{},
+						},
+					},
+					Services: map[string]*dynamic.Service{
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-0": {
+							LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{
+								Strategy:       "wrr",
+								PassHostHeader: ptr.To(true),
+								ResponseForwarding: &dynamic.ResponseForwarding{
+									FlushInterval: types.Duration(100 * time.Millisecond),
+								},
+								Servers: []dynamic.Server{
+									{
+										URL: "http://10.43.38.208:80",
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-1": {
+							LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{
+								Strategy:       "wrr",
+								PassHostHeader: ptr.To(true),
+								ResponseForwarding: &dynamic.ResponseForwarding{
+									FlushInterval: types.Duration(100 * time.Millisecond),
+								},
+								Servers: []dynamic.Server{
+									{
+										URL: "http://10.43.44.18:80",
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-wrr": {
+							Weighted: &dynamic.WeightedRoundRobin{
+								Services: []dynamic.WRRService{
+									{
+										Name:   "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-0",
+										Weight: ptr.To(50),
+										Headers: map[string]string{
+											"Knative-Serving-Namespace": "default",
+											"Knative-Serving-Revision":  "helloworld-go-00001",
+										},
+									},
+									{
+										Name:   "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-1",
+										Weight: ptr.To(50),
+										Headers: map[string]string{
+											"Knative-Serving-Namespace": "default",
+											"Knative-Serving-Revision":  "helloworld-go-00002",
+										},
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc:    "TLS",
+			paths:   []string{"tls.yaml", "services.yaml"},
+			wantLen: 1,
+			want: &dynamic.Configuration{
+				HTTP: &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+					Routers: map[string]*dynamic.Router{
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0": {
+							EntryPoints: []string{"http", "https"},
+							Service:     "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-wrr",
+							Rule:        "(Host(`helloworld-go.default`) || Host(`helloworld-go.default.svc`) || Host(`helloworld-go.default.svc.cluster.local`))",
+							Middlewares: []string{},
+						},
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-tls": {
+							EntryPoints: []string{"http", "https"},
+							Service:     "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-wrr",
+							Rule:        "(Host(`helloworld-go.default`) || Host(`helloworld-go.default.svc`) || Host(`helloworld-go.default.svc.cluster.local`))",
+							Middlewares: []string{},
+							TLS:         &dynamic.RouterTLSConfig{},
+						},
+					},
+					Services: map[string]*dynamic.Service{
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-0": {
+							LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{
+								Strategy:       "wrr",
+								PassHostHeader: ptr.To(true),
+								ResponseForwarding: &dynamic.ResponseForwarding{
+									FlushInterval: types.Duration(100 * time.Millisecond),
+								},
+								Servers: []dynamic.Server{
+									{
+										URL: "http://10.43.38.208:80",
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-1": {
+							LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{
+								Strategy:       "wrr",
+								PassHostHeader: ptr.To(true),
+								ResponseForwarding: &dynamic.ResponseForwarding{
+									FlushInterval: types.Duration(100 * time.Millisecond),
+								},
+								Servers: []dynamic.Server{
+									{
+										URL: "http://10.43.44.18:80",
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+						"default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-wrr": {
+							Weighted: &dynamic.WeightedRoundRobin{
+								Services: []dynamic.WRRService{
+									{
+										Name:   "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-0",
+										Weight: ptr.To(50),
+										Headers: map[string]string{
+											"Knative-Serving-Namespace": "default",
+											"Knative-Serving-Revision":  "helloworld-go-00001",
+										},
+									},
+									{
+										Name:   "default-helloworld-go-rule-0-path-0-split-1",
+										Weight: ptr.To(50),
+										Headers: map[string]string{
+											"Knative-Serving-Namespace": "default",
+											"Knative-Serving-Revision":  "helloworld-go-00002",
+										},
+									},
+								},
+							},
+						},
+					},
+					Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, testCase := range testCases {
+		t.Run(testCase.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			k8sObjects, knObjects := readResources(t, testCase.paths)
+
+			k8sClient := kubefake.NewClientset(k8sObjects...)
+			knClient := knfake.NewSimpleClientset(knObjects...)
+
+			client := newClientImpl(knClient, k8sClient)
+
+			eventCh, err := client.WatchAll(nil, make(chan struct{}))
+			require.NoError(t, err)
+
+			if len(k8sObjects) > 0 || len(knObjects) > 0 {
+				// just wait for the first event
+				<-eventCh
+			}
+
+			p := Provider{
+				PublicEntrypoints:  []string{"http", "https"},
+				PrivateEntrypoints: []string{"priv-http", "priv-https"},
+				client:             client,
+			}
+
+			got, gotIngresses := p.loadConfiguration(t.Context())
+			assert.Len(t, gotIngresses, testCase.wantLen)
+			assert.Equal(t, testCase.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_buildRule(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		desc    string
+		hosts   []string
+		headers map[string]knativenetworkingv1alpha1.HeaderMatch
+		path    string
+		want    string
+	}{
+		{
+			desc:  "single host, no headers, no path",
+			hosts: []string{"example.com"},
+			want:  "(Host(`example.com`))",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "multiple hosts, no headers, no path",
+			hosts: []string{"example.com", "foo.com"},
+			want:  "(Host(`example.com`) || Host(`foo.com`))",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "single host, single header, no path",
+			hosts: []string{"example.com"},
+			headers: map[string]knativenetworkingv1alpha1.HeaderMatch{
+				"X-Header": {Exact: "value"},
+			},
+			want: "(Host(`example.com`)) && (Header(`X-Header`,`value`))",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "single host, multiple headers, no path",
+			hosts: []string{"example.com"},
+			headers: map[string]knativenetworkingv1alpha1.HeaderMatch{
+				"X-Header":  {Exact: "value"},
+				"X-Header2": {Exact: "value2"},
+			},
+			want: "(Host(`example.com`)) && (Header(`X-Header`,`value`) && Header(`X-Header2`,`value2`))",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "single host, multiple headers, with path",
+			hosts: []string{"example.com"},
+			headers: map[string]knativenetworkingv1alpha1.HeaderMatch{
+				"X-Header":  {Exact: "value"},
+				"X-Header2": {Exact: "value2"},
+			},
+			path: "/foo",
+			want: "(Host(`example.com`)) && (Header(`X-Header`,`value`) && Header(`X-Header2`,`value2`)) && PathPrefix(`/foo`)",
+		},
+		{
+			desc:  "single host, no headers, with path",
+			hosts: []string{"example.com"},
+			path:  "/foo",
+			want:  "(Host(`example.com`)) && PathPrefix(`/foo`)",
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range testCases {
+		t.Run(test.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := buildRule(test.hosts, test.headers, test.path)
+			assert.Equal(t, test.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func Test_mergeHTTPConfigs(t *testing.T) {
+	testCases := []struct {
+		desc    string
+		configs []*dynamic.HTTPConfiguration
+		want    *dynamic.HTTPConfiguration
+	}{
+		{
+			desc: "one empty configuration",
+			configs: []*dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+				{
+					Routers: map[string]*dynamic.Router{
+						"router1": {Rule: "Host(`example.com`)"},
+					},
+					Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{
+						"middleware1": {Headers: &dynamic.Headers{CustomRequestHeaders: map[string]string{"X-Test": "value"}}},
+					},
+					Services: map[string]*dynamic.Service{
+						"service1": {LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{Servers: []dynamic.Server{{URL: "http://example.com"}}}},
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					Routers:     map[string]*dynamic.Router{},
+					Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{},
+					Services:    map[string]*dynamic.Service{},
+				},
+			},
+			want: &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+				Routers: map[string]*dynamic.Router{
+					"router1": {Rule: "Host(`example.com`)"},
+				},
+				Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{
+					"middleware1": {Headers: &dynamic.Headers{CustomRequestHeaders: map[string]string{"X-Test": "value"}}},
+				},
+				Services: map[string]*dynamic.Service{
+					"service1": {LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{Servers: []dynamic.Server{{URL: "http://example.com"}}}},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+		{
+			desc: "merging two non-empty configurations",
+			configs: []*dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+				{
+					Routers: map[string]*dynamic.Router{
+						"router1": {Rule: "Host(`example.com`)"},
+					},
+					Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{
+						"middleware1": {Headers: &dynamic.Headers{CustomRequestHeaders: map[string]string{"X-Test": "value"}}},
+					},
+					Services: map[string]*dynamic.Service{
+						"service1": {LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{Servers: []dynamic.Server{{URL: "http://example.com"}}}},
+					},
+				},
+				{
+					Routers: map[string]*dynamic.Router{
+						"router2": {Rule: "PathPrefix(`/test`)"},
+					},
+					Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{
+						"middleware2": {Headers: &dynamic.Headers{CustomRequestHeaders: map[string]string{"X-Test": "value"}}},
+					},
+					Services: map[string]*dynamic.Service{
+						"service2": {LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{Servers: []dynamic.Server{{URL: "http://example.com"}}}},
+					},
+				},
+			},
+			want: &dynamic.HTTPConfiguration{
+				Routers: map[string]*dynamic.Router{
+					"router1": {Rule: "Host(`example.com`)"},
+					"router2": {Rule: "PathPrefix(`/test`)"},
+				},
+				Middlewares: map[string]*dynamic.Middleware{
+					"middleware1": {Headers: &dynamic.Headers{CustomRequestHeaders: map[string]string{"X-Test": "value"}}},
+					"middleware2": {Headers: &dynamic.Headers{CustomRequestHeaders: map[string]string{"X-Test": "value"}}},
+				},
+				Services: map[string]*dynamic.Service{
+					"service1": {LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{Servers: []dynamic.Server{{URL: "http://example.com"}}}},
+					"service2": {LoadBalancer: &dynamic.ServersLoadBalancer{Servers: []dynamic.Server{{URL: "http://example.com"}}}},
+				},
+			},
+		},
+	}
+
+	for _, test := range testCases {
+		t.Run(test.desc, func(t *testing.T) {
+			t.Parallel()
+
+			got := mergeHTTPConfigs(test.configs...)
+			assert.Equal(t, test.want, got)
+		})
+	}
+}
+
+func readResources(t *testing.T, paths []string) ([]runtime.Object, []runtime.Object) {
+	t.Helper()
+
+	var (
+		k8sObjects []runtime.Object
+		knObjects  []runtime.Object
+	)
+	for _, path := range paths {
+		yamlContent, err := os.ReadFile(filepath.FromSlash("./fixtures/" + path))
+		if err != nil {
+			panic(err)
+		}
+
+		objects := k8s.MustParseYaml(yamlContent)
+		for _, obj := range objects {
+			switch obj.GetObjectKind().GroupVersionKind().Group {
+			case "networking.internal.knative.dev":
+				knObjects = append(knObjects, obj)
+			default:
+				k8sObjects = append(k8sObjects, obj)
+			}
+		}
+	}
+
+	return k8sObjects, knObjects
+}